March 2025

The demand for labour is derived from the value that workers add to the production process. One of the most influential explanations of how firms determine how much labour to hire is the Marginal Productivity Theory of Labour. This theory connects a worker’s contribution to output with the wage they receive and forms the foundation of neoclassical labour market analysis. 1. Demand for Labour as Derived Demand Labour is not demanded for its own sake but for the value of the goods and services it helps produce.… Read more

Labour and wages play a central role in shaping economic prosperity, both at the individual and national levels. A productive labour force and fair wage systems contribute to higher living standards, economic stability, and sustainable development. Together, they form the core of a functioning economy that supports inclusive growth and social equity. 1. Source of Household Income Wages are the primary source of income for most individuals and families, enabling them to afford food, housing, education, and healthcare.… Read more

Wage differentials refer to the differences in wage rates paid to different workers or groups of workers. These differences can be observed across industries, regions, occupations, education levels, and even individuals within the same firm. While some wage variation is based on productivity and skills, others result from structural, social, and economic factors. 1. Differences in Skill and Education Highly educated or technically skilled workers often earn more due to greater productivity and specialized knowledge.… Read more

Definition of Labour Demand Labour demand refers to the quantity of workers that employers are willing and able to hire at different wage levels during a specific period. It is a derived demand, meaning it depends on the demand for the goods and services that labour helps produce. Employers assess labour needs based on productivity, profitability, and market conditions. Determinants of Labour Demand Wage Rate: Inverse relationship—higher wages increase labour costs and may reduce the quantity demanded.… Read more

Definition of Labour Supply Labour supply refers to the total number of hours that workers are willing and able to work at a given wage rate over a specific period. It represents the workforce available to produce goods and services in an economy. Labour supply is influenced by both the quantity of workers and the number of hours they are willing to work. Determinants of Labour Supply Wage Rates: Higher wages typically increase labour supply, but at very high levels, the supply may decrease due to preference for leisure (backward-bending supply curve).… Read more

Definition of Labour Market Dynamics Labour market dynamics refer to the ongoing changes and interactions between labour supply and labour demand that influence employment, wages, and workforce participation. These dynamics are affected by economic trends, technological innovation, globalization, government policy, and demographic shifts. Labour Supply Factors Affecting Labour Supply Population Growth: A larger working-age population increases the potential labour force. Labour Force Participation Rate: The percentage of people actively seeking or engaged in work.… Read more

1. Demand and Supply of Labour High Demand, Low Supply: Leads to higher wages (e.g., skilled IT professionals, engineers). Low Demand, High Supply: Results in lower wages (e.g., low-skilled or easily replaceable jobs). Wages adjust to clear the labour market where supply equals demand. 2. Worker’s Productivity More productive workers contribute more value and are rewarded with higher wages. Productivity is influenced by training, experience, tools, and technology available to the worker.… Read more

1. Time Wages Wages paid based on the amount of time worked—hourly, daily, weekly, or monthly. Common in jobs where output is hard to measure (e.g., administration, education, services). Advantage: Provides income stability. Disadvantage: May not directly reward higher productivity. 2. Piece Wages Compensation based on the quantity of output produced or tasks completed. Widely used in manufacturing, agriculture, or freelance work. Advantage: Encourages greater effort and efficiency. Disadvantage: May compromise quality and ignore external factors affecting output.… Read more

Definition of Wages Wages are the monetary compensation paid to workers for their labour services. They serve as an income source for individuals and a cost of production for businesses. Wages are typically calculated on an hourly, daily, weekly, or monthly basis depending on the nature of employment. Types of Wages Time Wages: Paid based on the amount of time worked (e.g., per hour, per month). Piece Wages: Based on the quantity of output produced or tasks completed.… Read more

1. Labour Is Inseparable from the Labourer Labour cannot be detached from the individual providing it—it is a personal service. Unlike land or machinery, labour is not a transferable asset. 2. Labour Is Perishable Labour cannot be stored for future use. If a worker does not work today, the opportunity is lost forever. 3. Labour Is Heterogeneous Each worker is different in terms of physical strength, skills, education, experience, and productivity.… Read more