Tech Resilience Under Sanctions: How Iran, North Korea, and Russia Innovate Without U.S. Platforms
Heavily sanctioned nations such as Iran, North Korea, and Russia have been forced to develop creative strategies to keep their digital ecosystems running in the absence of U.S.-based software, platforms, and apps. Cut off from many Western technologies by legal restrictions or corporate pullouts, these countries employ a mix of government-driven programs and grassroots workarounds to bridge the tech gap. Major domains of impact include everyday communication, operating systems, cybersecurity, productivity and office software, financial technology (fintech), e-commerce, education, scientific research, and cloud infrastructure.… Read more