Author name: accountancy

Accountancy

Finance

Cryptocurrency and Monetary Policy: A Disruptive Intersection

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Cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin and Ethereum, have challenged the foundations of traditional monetary systems. Originally designed as decentralized alternatives to fiat currencies, cryptocurrencies now intersect with central banking, financial regulation, and macroeconomic stability. This article examines how digital currencies impact monetary policy transmission, explores central bank responses, and evaluates the long-term implications of crypto adoption on sovereign currency control and inflation management. How Cryptocurrencies Challenge Traditional Monetary Policy Monetary policy operates through tools like interest rates, reserve requirements, and open market operations to manage liquidity, inflation, and employment.…
Economics

The Economics of Remote Work: Post-Pandemic Shifts and Long-Term Implications

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The COVID-19 pandemic triggered one of the most dramatic shifts in labor markets in modern history: the global rise of remote work. What began as an emergency response evolved into a widespread restructuring of employment practices. This article explores the economics of remote work, assessing productivity trends, impacts on urban real estate and labor mobility, taxation issues, and long-term implications for firms, workers, and governments. Productivity and Firm Performance Contrary to initial fears, remote work has shown neutral to positive effects on productivity in many industries.…
Accounting

Accounting for Climate Risk: Integrating Environmental Factors into Financial Reporting

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As climate change becomes an increasingly material risk for corporations, investors, and governments, the field of accounting is undergoing a major transformation. Climate-related financial risks—ranging from extreme weather disruptions to carbon pricing and stranded assets—are now recognized as significant factors influencing a company’s financial position. This article explores how climate risk is being integrated into financial reporting, the emergence of climate disclosure frameworks, and the accounting standards evolving to meet this global challenge.…
Taxation

Digital Currencies and the Future of Taxation: Challenges and Opportunities

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The rise of digital currencies—ranging from decentralized cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to government-issued Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)—is transforming global finance. While these innovations promise efficiency, financial inclusion, and transactional speed, they also pose unique challenges to tax authorities. This article examines how digital currencies affect tax policy, compliance, enforcement, and international cooperation, while exploring strategies to adapt taxation systems for a digital monetary future. The Tax Complexity of Cryptocurrencies Cryptocurrencies blur the lines between currency, asset, and commodity.…
Economics

The Economics of Inflation Targeting: Theory, Practice, and Global Experience

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Inflation targeting has become one of the most widely adopted frameworks for monetary policy since its emergence in the early 1990s. Under this approach, central banks commit to maintaining inflation within a specified range—typically around 2%—and use interest rate adjustments as their primary tool. This article examines the theoretical foundation of inflation targeting, reviews its global implementation, analyzes its effectiveness, and discusses its limitations in the context of recent economic shocks.…
Economics

The Informal Economy: Structure, Drivers, and Policy Responses

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The informal economy—comprising economic activities that are legal but not regulated or taxed by the state—accounts for a significant share of employment and output, especially in developing countries. Often described as the “shadow economy,” it includes everything from street vending and home-based work to unregistered businesses and gig labor. This article explores the structure, causes, and consequences of informality, as well as strategies governments are deploying to encourage formalization without undermining livelihoods.…
Finance

Green Bonds and Sustainable Finance: Catalyzing a Low-Carbon Economy

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Green bonds—fixed-income instruments earmarked for environmental and climate-related projects—have rapidly emerged as a key pillar of sustainable finance. By channeling capital toward green infrastructure, clean energy, and climate resilience, green bonds offer a way to align capital markets with environmental goals. This article explores the evolution of green bonds, their structure, market growth, economic impact, and the regulatory challenges in ensuring their credibility and effectiveness. What Are Green Bonds? Green bonds are debt securities issued to finance or refinance projects that generate environmental benefits.…
Finance

The Rise of Central Bank Independence: Theory, Practice, and Contemporary Challenges

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Central bank independence (CBI) has become a cornerstone of modern macroeconomic policy, credited with reducing inflation, stabilizing financial markets, and fostering long-term economic credibility. As global economies confront rising debt, populist pressures, and climate change, the role and autonomy of central banks are increasingly under scrutiny. This article explores the theoretical foundations, empirical outcomes, and current debates surrounding central bank independence, with a focus on institutional design, political accountability, and future risks.…
Economics

Who Owns America’s Debt in 2024–2025

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The United States has amassed a record-high national debt, approaching roughly $35–36 trillion by early 2025. This debt is the sum of all outstanding U.S. Treasury securities – the bedrock instruments of global finance – and it is owed to a wide array of creditors. Broadly, America’s debt is held by domestic entities (including U.S. government accounts, the Federal Reserve, banks, mutual funds, pensions, and individuals) and foreign investors (ranging from foreign governments to international investors).…
Economics

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and Its Disruption of Traditional Economic Structures

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Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has emerged as one of the most disruptive innovations in the global financial ecosystem. Built on blockchain technology, DeFi platforms eliminate traditional financial intermediaries, offering peer-to-peer financial services such as lending, trading, and insurance. This article critically examines the theoretical foundations of DeFi, assesses its macroeconomic implications, explores regulatory responses, and evaluates real-world data and case studies from the evolving DeFi landscape. Theoretical Underpinnings and Economic Rationale DeFi is grounded in the principle of disintermediation—removing centralized institutions like banks, brokers, and insurance firms to reduce costs and increase transparency.…
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