Finance

The emergence of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and cryptocurrencies is reshaping global monetary systems, raising questions about financial sovereignty, policy control, and economic stability. CBDCs, backed by governments, contrast with decentralized cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum in terms of regulation, stability, and oversight. The article examines theoretical models, macroeconomic effects, and real-world implementations in countries such as China, Sweden, and the Bahamas, highlighting both benefits and risks, including financial disintermediation and privacy concerns.… Read more

Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) have rapidly evolved from a theoretical concept to a policy priority for central banks worldwide. As of 2025, over 130 countries are exploring or piloting CBDCs, with significant experiments conducted in China (e-CNY), the Eurozone (Digital Euro), and the Bahamas (Sand Dollar). This article explores the implications of CBDCs on monetary policy transmission, financial stability, and macroeconomic management, drawing from empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and real-world case studies.… Read more

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) have grown from obscure state-run investment vehicles to major players in global finance, controlling trillions in assets and influencing markets from Silicon Valley to Sub-Saharan Africa. As geopolitical tensions rise and fiscal pressures mount, understanding the strategic roles, governance frameworks, and risk profiles of SWFs is essential to grasping their long-term implications for global capital flows, development, and stability. Understanding Sovereign Wealth Funds: Definitions and Origins Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are state-owned investment funds composed of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, or alternative investments.… Read more

As global trade networks become increasingly complex and digitized, the demand for transparency, efficiency, and real-time collaboration across supply chains has intensified. Traditional supply chain finance (SCF) systems, while effective to a point, often suffer from fragmentation, delays, and a lack of trust among stakeholders. In response, blockchain technology has emerged as a disruptive force with the potential to transform SCF by introducing immutable ledgers, smart contracts, and decentralized verification mechanisms.… Read more

Share buybacks have become a hallmark of modern corporate strategy, especially among America’s largest publicly traded companies. Touted as a way to return value to shareholders, these financial maneuvers often escape deeper scrutiny. Yet beneath the surface lies a complex web of unintended consequences—impacting long-term investment, employee wages, and market integrity. This article takes a critical look at the hidden costs of share buybacks and questions whether they truly serve the broader economic good.… Read more

Traditional financial theory assumes that investors are rational actors who make decisions based on logic, available information, and sound probability assessments. However, real-world market behavior frequently contradicts this assumption. Prices deviate from intrinsic value, bubbles form, and panics cause abrupt sell-offs. The field of behavioral finance seeks to explain these anomalies by incorporating insights from psychology, sociology, and cognitive science. This article explores the foundational concepts of behavioral finance, its major biases, empirical examples, and its implications for investors, policymakers, and financial institutions.… Read more

Central banks are the cornerstone of modern economic governance, entrusted with maintaining monetary stability, controlling inflation, and ensuring the smooth functioning of financial systems. Over the past century, central banking has evolved dramatically—from the rigid rules of the gold standard to the flexibility of fiat money regimes, and now into the digital frontier of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). This article traces the historical development of central banks, analyzes their changing roles, and explores the challenges and opportunities they face in the 21st century.… Read more

Shadow banking, often described as the “parallel banking system,” refers to credit intermediation involving entities and activities outside the regular banking system. While not subject to traditional regulatory oversight, shadow banking institutions perform similar roles to traditional banks—such as maturity transformation, liquidity creation, and credit risk transfer—posing both opportunities and systemic risks. This article delves into the anatomy of shadow banking, its evolution post-2008 financial crisis, regulatory gaps, economic significance, and contemporary policy challenges.… Read more